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'No Evidence' Chance Meetings at the Office Boost Innovation (nytimes.com) 171

The New York Times reports: When Yahoo banned working from home in 2013, the reason was one often cited in corporate America: Being in the office is essential for spontaneous collaboration and innovation. "It is critical that we are all present in our offices," wrote Jacqueline Reses, then a Yahoo executive, in a staff memo. "Some of the best decisions and insights come from hallway and cafeteria discussions, meeting new people and impromptu team meetings." Today, Ms. Reses, now chief executive of Post House Capital, an investment firm, has a different view. "Would I write that memo differently now?" she said. "Oh yeah." She still believes that collaboration can benefit from being together in person, but over the last year, people found new, better ways to work.

As the pandemic winds down in the United States, however, many bosses are sounding a note similar to Ms. Reses' in 2013. "Innovation isn't always a planned activity," said Tim Cook, chief executive of Apple, about post-pandemic work. "It's bumping into each other over the course of the day and advancing an idea you just had." Jamie Dimon, chief executive of JPMorgan Chase, said working from home "doesn't work for spontaneous idea generation, it doesn't work for culture." Yet people who study the issue say there is no evidence that working in person is essential for creativity and collaboration. It may even hurt innovation, they say, because the demand for doing office work at a prescribed time and place is a big reason the American workplace has been inhospitable for many people...

"There's credibility behind the argument that if you put people in spaces where they are likely to collide with one another, they are likely to have a conversation," said Ethan S. Bernstein, who teaches at Harvard Business School and studies the topic. "But is that conversation likely to be helpful for innovation, creativity, useful at all for what an organization hopes people would talk about? There, there is almost no data whatsoever. All of this suggests to me that the idea of random serendipity being productive is more fairy tale than reality," he said....

Professor Bernstein found that contemporary open offices led to 70 percent fewer face-to-face interactions. People didn't find it helpful to have so many spontaneous conversations, so they wore headphones and avoided one another.

The chief people officer at real estate marketplace Zillow believes this always-in-the-office culture is what's ultimately lead to problems like long hours, the lack of representation, and burnout, according to the New York Times, which notes Zillow, Salesforce, and Ford are now reconfiguring their offices with fewer rows of desks and more places for informal gatherings.

"Some experts have suggested a new idea for the office: not as a headquarters people go to daily or weekly, but as a place people go sometimes, for group hangouts."
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'No Evidence' Chance Meetings at the Office Boost Innovation

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  • by rsilvergun ( 571051 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @03:38PM (#61527440)
    and it's not for "innovation" and it certainly isn't for productivity. It's for real estate. Take 30-40% of office workers away and suddenly that property loses 30-40% of it's value. The folks who own it also sit on the board of directors of most major companies, and they make the WFH decisions, not your boss or your bosses boss.

    So get back to the grind, peon. You've got real estate to value.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Sunday June 27, 2021 @03:58PM (#61527502)

      The problem is not working in a traditional office vs. working from home.

      The biggest impediment to productivity, creativity and employee morale is management. Managers have to manage, otherwise, why do they exist? So, if you are a manager, you need to CYA, and that means meddling in everything that you possibly can so that you can take credit for everything that happens.

      Management, especially the people at the top, hates that working from home has gone reasonably well and business hasn't collapsed, because it demonstrates just how completely worthless they really are.

      • by tomhath ( 637240 )
        It's almost as if managers were able to manage remote employees. smh
      • by q_e_t ( 5104099 )
        The need for management still exists if people are working from home. If anything, it might be a greater requirement.
    • by rudy_wayne ( 414635 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @04:00PM (#61527512)

      "There Is No Evidence That Chance Meetings at the Office Boost Innovation "

      File this under "No Shit Sherlock"

      • Re: (Score:3, Informative)

        by sabri ( 584428 )

        "There Is No Evidence That Chance Meetings at the Office Boost Innovation "

        Actually, the most importance evidence of them all is something that is saving the world right now: the chance encounter between Kati Kariko and Elliot Barnathan: [nytimes.com]:

        One fateful day, the two scientists hovered over a dot-matrix printer in a narrow room at the end of a long hall. A gamma counter, needed to track the radioactive molecule, was attached to a printer. It began to spew data.

        So yes, a chance encounter at the office is responsible for the most important vaccine of modern history.

        • This is not evidence that companies should go to the bank with. Further, what if these two had just been given a formal introduction or had been encouraged to work together? Thank goodness that this meeting happened, but why did we have to wait for it to happen like this? What about all the other chance interactions that never happen and the opportunities that are lost?

          That's the problem with this current thinking: it doesn't put people that should be talking to each other together deliberately. As long as

        • by AmiMoJo ( 196126 )

          Your linked article says that they were working together and the meeting was anything but chance. They were working to develop mRNA already and it seems they were waiting at the printer for the results of an experiment they had just performed together.

        • Actually, the most importance evidence of them all is something that is saving the world right now: the chance encounter between Kati Kariko and Elliot Barnathan:

          That's bogus. It wasn't a chance encounter at all, nor did the two of them achieve a breakthrough because of some information that passed between them.

          If you read the article you'll see that it was two people already working on a project together, hovering over a printer waiting for the machinery to deliver the results of their latest experiment.

      • by tsqr ( 808554 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @07:52PM (#61528112)

        "There Is No Evidence That Chance Meetings at the Office Boost Innovation "

        File this under "No Shit Sherlock"

        Nah; file it under "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence."

    • by PPH ( 736903 )

      and they make the WFH decisions

      Probably while they were on the back nine at the golf course.

    • by gtall ( 79522 )

      Yes, and many workers are voting with their feet and leaving office-bound jobs. The folks who sit on the boards of directors cannot do a damn thing about it.

    • by _xeno_ ( 155264 )

      It's not just the real estate owners. Officer workers support a ton of local business. Restaurants. Coffee stores. Gas stations. Dry cleaners. Things that exist to support office workers.

      Take away the need to have a whole bunch of office workers in the middle of the downtown area and you're going to kill downtown.

      I'm expecting that our current "government solves everything" government to start pushing for government solutions to force everyone back into office buildings. It's going to happen because everyon

      • by deKernel ( 65640 )

        Now this is going to be a biggie issue. I do envision quite a few small business's that cater to the breakfast/lunch crowds will major issues, and I'm not sure how to fix.

    • Your second sentence makes no sense. Would a house with 2 people in it be worth less than that same house with 3 people in it?
    • Don't forget the psychopaths. They've been hurting hard this last year, it's tough to gaslight and strongarm people in Zoom calls, let alone to hold 6+ hours of meetings a day to waste everyone's time while being able to justify their existence to their boss, asking why their team is behind target deadlines and shit-canning anyone who even hints it might be the 6+ hours of daily meetings.
  • by AmazingRuss ( 555076 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @03:54PM (#61527490)
    ... by my being in the office was plotting ways to get my coworkers to SHUT THE FUCK UP ALREADY, I'M TRYING TO FUCKING THINK!
    • You're not alone in this sentiment.
    • by tlhIngan ( 30335 )

      ... by my being in the office was plotting ways to get my coworkers to SHUT THE FUCK UP ALREADY, I'M TRYING TO FUCKING THINK!

      I think what might have happened is similar to this - I do miss the oddball discussions that happened next cube over, but it was almost never about business, just general chit chat and office gossip. It was easier to just join in than try to accomplish something - a whole pile of people being bothered anyways, so what's the difference?

      And I admit, there were times we had the "random i

    • by dohzer ( 867770 )

      Surely that points to open-plan offices being the problem.

  • Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg [twitter.com] (net worth: $1.9B): "You know I was not a believer in remote work...So, I believed that the only way you could be productive is to be in an office together...And so when people started talking about remote work before this [the pandemic], I said, 'Not for us.'"

  • by crunchygranola ( 1954152 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @04:08PM (#61527532)

    Just "being in the office" is not the whole story. The conditions of work in the office matter a lot also - are their offices, cubes, bull-pens/corrals, rows of tables with people at maximum density and no barriers, what?

    Reading about people wearing head phones and avoiding each other sound like the latter sorts of situations. Although I find remote work loses some things, casual conversations for example are not the same as sessions you have to scehdule, more often not having quiet space to think interferes more with innovation.

    • This. There are way too many variables at play to say chance meetings don't boost innovation in any company. I can absolutely say that my productivity benefits from in person interaction outside of formal meetings. That's based upon progress I've made in the past year without in person interaction vs previous years with abundant interaction.

      But almost everyone at my company has individual offices, so I can close the door if I want to focus. I can eat lunch alone if I want, or have lunch with the CEO and tal

      • There are way too many variables at play to say chance meetings don't boost innovation in any company.

        Note that they didn't say that. They said "there is no evidence chance meetings boost innovation."

        Although there is definitely anecdotal evidence they boost innovation, so that is probably wrong as well. A lot of programmers nowadays aren't innovative, though. They do whatever the product manager says.

      • by ghoul ( 157158 )
        Either you are pretty high up or you are at a small company for at any decent sized company lunch with the CEO is a big deal and scheduled in advance as a small pat on the back.
        • Oh for sure, our company is 65 employees and very shallow (5 levels between postdoc and CEO). The CEO is also a scientist and active in our laboratory research (typically from a software development side). The company is unique, but at least for us having off-the-cuff discussions with superiors (maybe not the CEO) is a low stress way to air new ideas, whether that's via lunch, bumping into them in the hallway, having beers with them, etc.

          I'm right in the middle in terms of seniority, so I also see that "su

    • Yes. This is an "apples and oranges" comparison, if ever saw one.

      "There, there is almost no data whatsoever. All of this suggests to me that the idea of random serendipity being productive is more fairy tale than reality,"

      Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Professor Bernstein apparently has not heard this.

      Professor Bernstein found that contemporary open offices led to 70 percent fewer face-to-face interactions. People didn't find it helpful to have so many spontaneous conversations, so they

      • If the claim is that chance meetings are super productive and essential to the operation of a corporation, there should probably be some evidence. You can't prove a negative, so Professor Bernstein is on the right side of this: he's seen no evidence, and he's not the one that needs to be providing it.

        There are some pretty bold claims that these serendipitous meetings are central to the functioning of teams or companies. That's what I keep getting told, anyway. If serendipity is an essential part of your wor

        • Essential to the operation of a coporation? No, I agree with you on that. The point I'm making is that random spontaneous interaction is valuable. "Innovation isn't always a planned activity", in Tim Cook's words. He's correct.

          Spontaneous collaboration and spontaneous innovation occur most readily face-to-face, and being co-located (in the office, as it were) is what fosters that. Working remotely hinders it. Also, apparently according to Bernstein, "contemporary offices" hinder it, but to me that
          • We certainly agree on modern offices being shitty and unproductive.

            A lot of my vitriol comes from literally being told by managers that run my company that work is mysteriously getting done in large amounts through these chance encounters, and it strikes me as very worrisome. I've honestly never seen any evidence of it. I *have* seen evidence of team layout mattering—I had one of my most productive times when I was seated with a designer and an animator to work on a game system. (In contrast to being

      • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

        Ah, the wee folk are all around ye, just hidden. No evidence? Why, of course not, they be hidden!

        "Fairy tale" is a perfectly accurate name for something widely believed with no evidence supporting it.

    • Casual conversations can be had online. Use virtual collaboration drop-in rooms, open all day in the calendar. We do that with voice & sometimes music enabled and it works just fine. You don't need to book a slot with someone just because you're physically distant from them.

    • the conditions of work in the office matter a lot also - are their offices, cubes, bull-pens/corrals, rows of tables with people at maximum density and no barriers, what?

      One big benefit of working at Amdahl was that EVERYbody got a private room (with good sound-deadening walls and no distracting windows) and enough computer terminal to do their work.

  • Oh Really? (Score:5, Interesting)

    by glatiak ( 617813 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @04:11PM (#61527546)

    Am fascinated by this report -- and how wildly it differs from my own experience in software development both for a database vendor (internals) and in financial services. Chance encounters with executives were some of the most productive meetings because it was easy to focus on the issue at hand and get an agreement to move forwards. That the best spot was just outside the washroom probably helped. Being able to drop into someone else's office to discuss problems was the accepted norm.

    But this sort of discussion became impossible when folks were migrated to cube city or worse -- open plan monitors on rows of tables. Memos and scheduled meetings are no substitute. But in the noisy open spaces that are the current fashion, offsite discussions over food or alcohol are probably the only real substitute. How anything can get done when thoughts are drowned out by the loud conversations of a bunch of far too close people seems miraculous. Sigh...

    Many years ago I read an IBM study on software productivity as a function of team separation -- and at that time it had been found that once people were no longer on the same floor, intrateam productivity fell off appreciably. That probably explains a lot.

    Glad I don't have to work in this brave new world...

    • "to drop into someone else's office to discuss problems was the accepted norm." argh!
      • "to drop into someone else's office to discuss problems was the accepted norm." argh!

        OTOH, people had their own offices.

    • by swilver ( 617741 )

      If those chance encounters were the most productive, you might want to change how you develop software. I mean, you don't want to leave your productivity to chance.

      • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

        I was thinking this. There's a lot riding on that first word, "chance."

        When I have an idea I want to discuss with a colleague I text, suggest a zoom call, and pour a gin and tonic. I don't recall ever stumbling into some random person in the hallway, striking up a random conversation, and the two of us exclaiming "eureka!" at each other ten minutes later.

        • I was thinking this. There's a lot riding on that first word, "chance."

          When I have an idea I want to discuss with a colleague I text, suggest a zoom call, and pour a gin and tonic. I don't recall ever stumbling into some random person in the hallway, striking up a random conversation, and the two of us exclaiming "eureka!" at each other ten minutes later.

          This is more prevalent in useless people who aimlessly wonder hallways all day, they get their "productivity" done by having someone they can say they were talking to, then sometimes bullshit their way into an idea for another team to work on while explaining what they were doing all month to their boss.

    • Re:Oh Really? (Score:4, Insightful)

      by Dixie_Flatline ( 5077 ) <vincent@jan@goh.gmail@com> on Sunday June 27, 2021 @05:58PM (#61527856) Homepage

      What you've described is a failure of process. If it was hard to focus on the issue at hand and get an agreement to move forward in a formal meeting, that was a problem to be solved, and the solution shouldn't have been out of a sitcom. Engineering chance encounters at the washroom door to get your boss to listen to you is no way to run a business.

      And dropping in at someone's office was a way to get stuff done, and was an accepted norm? That's not serendipity! That's you being aware that something needs fixing and making sure that it gets looked at. That's the opposite of luck!

      • This 100%.

        "If it weren't for chance meetings we wouldn't get shit done." WTF is that?

        Process is king. Document it, use it, and continually refine it. If you're not doing that you're living on borrowed time as a business.

    • by Nite_Hawk ( 1304 )

      "Many years ago I read an IBM study on software productivity as a function of team separation -- and at that time it had been found that once people were no longer on the same floor, intrateam productivity fell off appreciably. That probably explains a lot."

      Yet IBM bought Red Hat for $34 billion USD who has distributed teams spread across the entire world. At the time it was the largest software acquisition in history. I work on Ceph and we've had a widely distributed remote team since Inktank was created

  • ...isn't evidence of absence. Bernstein has his hypothesis & research questions. Now it's time for him to design the experiments, control for threats to construct validity, gather & analyse the necessary data, disprove the null hypothesis (or not), put his findings through peer-review & publish them. Let us know when he's got something substantial to say.
    • You can't prove a negative. The onus is on the people making the claim that these chance meetings are significant, and overall good.

  • by JonnyCalcutta ( 524825 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @04:17PM (#61527568)

    I tried working from home but I got fired because it turns out nobody wants to come to my house for their big mac and fries.

  • by bob_jenkins ( 144606 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @04:27PM (#61527586) Homepage Journal

    The gains I've had from constant interactions in the office aren't innovation (new ideas) really, but rather a better sense of what the requirements are. I can solve lots of problems on my own, but interaction in the office tilts me towards solving the right problems.

    I have picked up useful innovations from others over the years, but those tend to show up in email or formal meetings anyhow and get quickly discarded because they aren't a good solution at time ... the trick with them is to remember them years later when the requirements have changed, or when something that was blocking it has been solved. Working in the office wouldn't help with those much.

    • I'd have to agree.

      We still get plenty of good ideas from our video calls, or by ourselves, That is not the problem. A shortage of ideas never was the problem. Innovation is about experimenting with those ideas, and see what sticks. You don't need an office for that. What you do need is employees who are empowered to try new things, which means bypassing normal project management, QA, other processes, maybe even procurement or other compliance departments... but in a controlled and structured manner.
    • The gains I've had from constant interactions in the office aren't innovation (new ideas) really, but rather a better sense of what the requirements are.

      So, you were able to disguise a defective process by someone randomly saying "Oh, it needs to do X too".

      That's not a good thing.

  • I'm glad some other people that think about this stuff are saying it too. I'm just some rando on /. that hates the office.

    I've heard about this theoretical water-cooler serendipity for years, and not only have I never been a part of it, I've never met anyone that was a part of it. At best, I've met people that CLAIM to have SEEN it. It's real "my aunt's second-cousin's roommate's friend" type stuff.

    Even in the Pixar situation that everyone likes to talk about, the collisions aren't purely by chance, they're engineered into the layout of the building. The funnel lots of people together and encourage them to spend time with each other.

    But putting that aside, it is still the case that if you're relying on 1-in-a-million chance meetings to be successful, you're doing it wrong. Problems that get solved at the water cooler are problems that shouldn't have existed in the first place. If your animator needs a bug fixed, the programmer should've known about it from official channels, not by eavesdropping on conversations while getting a cup of coffee. If your idea for innovation is "meh, it sorts itself out if you just throw people at it randomly" you're probably not getting very much value out of your employees.

    Communication is a *deliberate process*. If you want people to come up with ideas, make the environment welcoming to ideas. Let people take chances, give them time and space to think. Having two chatterboxes yammering to each other doesn't make anything happen.

    If you like working at the office, that's great. You don't actually need any other justification than that. Stop with the cockamamie idea that it's the best place for everyone to do work or be creative.

  • by david.emery ( 127135 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @05:08PM (#61527716)

    Now accidental meetings over lunch may not be documented, but certainly established groups that met for lunch provided substantial opportunities for discussion and innovation.

    The lunch discussions with my group at MITRE was always very interesting and wide ranging. Among other things, we came up with a lot of the concepts that eventually ended up in ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010-2011 (see http://www.iso-architecture.or... [iso-architecture.org] Another time one guy did a napkin calculation showing that (in 1994) one should not bother deleting files smaller than 10kb, because the cost of storage was less than the cost of your time to review and delete the file. I really miss working with that group of people!

    • Unless you had to touch, taste, or smell each other for those regularly scheduled substantial opportunities for discussion and innovation to bear fruit, those established lunch groups would have been just as effective with video chat from the comfort of your favorite home environment.

    • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

      So you're saying you were productive while not being in the office and randomly bumping into people? Amazing.

      • No, that's not what I said. What I said was that "lunch with my coworkers" was very valuable, and is different from 'bumping into random strangers'.

        • by ceoyoyo ( 59147 )

          I don't really see the distinction, honestly. It appears we're agreeing on the point that "randomly bumping into people" isn't the be all and end all though.

  • Idea generation and creativity certainly doesn't require to be in an office setting. For most businesses, "Innovation" is making sure everyone is strategically aligned to get ahead of the competition with new products and service offerings. The best way to clearly make sure everyone is on the same page could differ between organizations, but you need to make sure the initiatives are clearly communicated and executed. I personally think having something in writing and sending it to everyone is the best wa

  • by tomhath ( 637240 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @05:27PM (#61527778)

    When Yahoo banned working from home in 2013, the reason was one often cited in corporate America...

    Yahoo should not be used as an example of how to do anything right.

  • by djp2204 ( 713741 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @05:50PM (#61527842)

    Most people taking in public spaces of offices arenâ(TM)t talking about work. They are talking about things outside of work - TV, weekends, evening activities, complaining about their relationships, etc. it all turns into a big distraction for those trying to do actual work, especially in an open concept office where you can hear your coworker talking to the insurance company about a car accident. Only a manager who feels the need to micromanage others needs people in the office (for most roles), and these statements from JP Morgan, etc are just attempts to put lipstick on that pig. Yes, there are people who need to work physically in the same location. But most employees donâ(TM)t, and itâ(TM)s a waste of material.

  • I'm not a traditional engineer; I came into it by happy accident, a good recommendation from a friend, and a lot of stubborn work. I am happy to be the "dumbest guy in the room" because almost all of my coworkers, down to a person, is very smart, very passionate about their work, and enjoys talking about it and teaching others about what they're up to. I love hearing about the projects their teams are working on around the coffee machine. I absorb everything I can during work happy hours. It makes me a better engineer, but go get bent if it doesn't fit on your stupid measurement spreadsheet.

    Those kinds of interactions simply don't work over Zoom.

  • It's all about the culture. I was a full-time telecommuter for over ten years and got an amazing offer that I couldn't refuse to work for a company that required me to go into the office. But they took a couple years to figure out where they wanted to locate the office where I live and have it built, so those of us here had to work from home for those couple years. We've again worked from home during the pandemic, and things have improved somewhat, but it's still nowhere near as effective as when I worke
  • by david.emery ( 127135 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @07:25PM (#61528060)

    Every job I worked at, there were people I enjoyed spending time with and learning from/exchanging ideas. Sometimes I was the 'padawan', sometimes I was the 'jedi'. But usually it was peer-to-peer. Some jobs had more interesting co-workers than others. And only my last job, a relatively short consulting gig, did I go out on my own for lunch.

    Those of you who get no benefit from talking to your co-workers either work in an abysmal environment, or are sufficiently anti-social to not benefit from your environment. Of course, for some of you, that's probably not a decidable question :-(

    • by StormReaver ( 59959 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @08:11PM (#61528150)

      Those of you who get no benefit from talking to your co-workers either work in an abysmal environment...

      Working location and coworker communication are two completely separate, unrelated factors. Working in a common office, any common office, is an abysmal environment by definition. The only way it can be anything else is if EVERYONE is always respectfully quite and appropriately separated with real walls and a door. And even then, it still sucks being away from family for most waking hours (a family-friendly office is a rhetorical fantasy of micromanagers).

      Being in a common office has absolutely nothing to do with benefiting from talking to coworkers. The most productive conversations my coworkers, boss, and I had with solving software problems were handled over video conference with screen sharing. Even if we were in common meatspace, it's far less efficient to all gather over a common monitor than to share the screen over video conference. Plus, recording the debugging session for future reference is something we can decide to do on a whim without breaking anyone's concentration.

  • by SoftwareArtist ( 1472499 ) on Sunday June 27, 2021 @08:37PM (#61528202)

    A lot of open source projects are developed entirely online by people who have never met in person. For those communities, working from home isn't something new. It's what they've always done.

    How do open source projects rate on creativity and innovation? I'd say, very well. Better than a lot of companies.

  • This headline feels like a mismatch. Mostly I'm seeing theories about why or why not it would work, but very little *evidence* about what's going on. Sure, there's a quip about rising productivity, but that's slightly tangential to the point: Do chance interactions improve innovation? There are actual people who study this sort of thing, and it might be nice to ask them, instead.
  • Glad someone proved that "serendipity" is BS.
  • Cross-functional meetings and brainstorming sessions would see to be a better way to stimulate innovation than just relying on water cooler conversations, or at the very least a good adjunct.
  • With such difficult to measure things, the chances are that you won't get enough valid data to prove your point. If you formulate your null-hypothesis differently, then the headline would becom: "No evidence that working from home reduces innovation".

    People (even the scientists involved!) often confuse: "No statistically significant difference" with "no significant difference".
    The first is: We were unable to measure accurately enough to see a difference, while the second is we were able to measure accurately, but measured no difference.

  • by petes_PoV ( 912422 ) on Monday June 28, 2021 @01:32AM (#61528636)
    Innovation comes from people having ideas. It does not require chance meetings in corridors. If companies want to hear their employees' ideas then it is quite a simple task to build a repository where individuals can post ideas and have others comment on them.

    Not only does that allow collaboration and improvement, but it gives a view on how popular those ideas would be, too.

    It doesn't matter whether those ideas are for a new product or changing the colour of the company logo. They would all get an airing and they would all get equal access and participation from management and other staff.

  • If there's one thing I've learned in life it's that there's too many differentiating factors.

    Let a whole bunch of people try stuff out and see which one wins. Again, because there's so many factors and differences in each situation. If something is really a 'no-brainer', it's proven over a long period of time and people will just adopt it.

    I personally wouldn't take a job today that forced me to to come in everyday. I'm at a good stage in my career that I can do that. On that other hand, I do like going in o

  • I worked 9 years in a research lab that was specifically designed to boost cross-specialty innovation. None ever happened. People usually have work they need to get done, and really can't afford to be lollygagging around hoping for serendipity.

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