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Schneier Mulls Psychology of Security

Posted by ScuttleMonkey on Wed Feb 07, 2007 01:24 PM
from the idle-musings dept.
bednarz writes "Cryptography expert Bruce Schneier says security decisions often are much less rational than one would prefer. He spoke at the RSA conference about the battle that goes on in the brain when responding to security issues. Schneier explains 'The primitive portion of the brain, called the amygdala, feels fear and incites a fear-or-flight response, he pointed out. "It's very fast, faster than consciousness. But it can be overridden by higher parts of the brain." The neocortex, which in a mammalian brain is associated with consciousness, is slower but "adaptive and flexible,"'"
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  • Too bad the Department of Homeland Security doesn't have a neocortex.
    • by Walt Dismal (534799) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:33PM (#17923752)
      Another way of looking at the amygdala is to consider it a Priority Interrupt Controller. Other parts of the brain evaluate success or impending failure of certain goals, such as survival, and the amygdala chooses the strongest and most important issues and flags them for highest attention. This can be overriden by conscious rationality, but that is slower. I believe the amygdala evolved to handle fast decisions needing urgent attention or the cave bear would eat you by the time you reasoned out how to rationally respond.
    • by FooAtWFU (699187) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:39PM (#17923860) Homepage
      Okay. I'll look to government. I'll even be bipartisan... or antibipartisan :)

      We have two parties that have issues with threats to the world, after all. The Republicans have Terrorism, and the Democrats have Global Warming. Both are real and significant threats, but neither of them really gets addressed in the healthiest way possible. There's a lot of focus on OMG-deadly high-profile terrorist attacks, and on OMG-deadly consequences of global warming. Both parties have their people propose some ridiculously broad, sweeping changes to deal with the problem which would negatively impact everyday lives; fortunately, the more ridiculous ones are more likely to fail. And, of course, both parties are willing to throw money at people who claim to have some sort of solution to their problem, whether or not it's actually anything real, meaningful, or worthwhile (like the latest stupid XYZ antiterrorist technology rollout, or the latest bio-fuel legislation/subsidy).

      No, they're not the same thing, but one can draw worthwhile parallels, and both parties would benefit by comparing themselves to the other, shaping their actions to avoid these excesses.

      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        >>Both parties have their people propose some ridiculously broad, sweeping changes to deal with the problem which would negatively impact everyday lives; fortunately, the more ridiculous ones are more likely to fail.

        You can't get anywhere in politics if you allow the more radical elements to represent their party. Ignore them.

        In the interest of bipartisanship you've equated the wholesale removal of civil rights with the suggestion that we shouldn't use so much oil.

        Thats what I call Fair and Balanced.
        • Re: (Score:2, Interesting)

          by Anonymous Coward
          In the interest of bipartisanship you've exaggerated the intentions of those concerned about terrorism and understated the intentions of those concerned with with global warming.

          That's what I call a double straw-man.
      • by Lord Ender (156273) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @03:36PM (#17925374) Homepage

        There's a lot of focus on OMG-deadly high-profile terrorist attacks, and on OMG-deadly consequences of global warming.
        Terrorism could cause a tiny handful of people to die. Warming could cause a mass extinction. Do you understand what I mean by mass extinction? I mean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinction [wikipedia.org].

        One of these is a minor annoyance to the human species. The other is the end of life as we know it. Some have even suggested that run-away global warming caused Venus to become the hell-hole it is today. These are very different problems.

        You are right that politicians, in general, care more about the appearance of solving problems than actually solving problems. But don't equate global warming with the relatively trivial issue of terrorism.
        • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

          Terrorism could cause a tiny handful of people to die. Warming could cause a mass extinction. Do you understand what I mean by mass extinction?

          I appreciate that. But consider, from the text of the article itself:

          ... people "exaggerate risks that are spectacular, rare, beyond their control, talked about, international, man-made, immediate, directed against children or morally offensive," Schneier noted.

          Okay. Mass extinction. Rare? Ehh, depends-how-you-define-it. Children? Eh, not so much ("our children wil

    • Oblig. joke (Score:5, Funny)

      by Captain Splendid (673276) <capsplendid@@@gmail...com> on Wednesday February 07 2007, @02:30PM (#17924610) Homepage Journal
      Too bad the Department of Homeland Security doesn't have a neocortex.

      That's alright, they have a neoconcortex instead!

      Sorry, couldn't help myself. You may now mod this post into oblivion...
      • 3000 Americans died from terrorism in this entire young century. Meanwhile, 40,000 Americans died in auto crashes last year alone. I vote we use some of the "homeland security" money on guard rails.

        Right, because even though we were promised followup events that "will dwarf 9/11" and they haven't happened, _obviously_ that money has all been wasted, is that it? As far as the auto crashes...I've been an EMT for a dozen years or so. I've never been to a fatal accident where the person who died was wearing a seatbelt. Not once. Spend all you want but when some idiot doesn't even take advantage of the basic safety equipment they've already been provided in their vehicle, there's no helping them.

  • by khasim (1285) <brandioch.conner@gmail.com> on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:30PM (#17923726)
    Bruce has more at his website.
    http://www.schneier.com/essay-155.html [schneier.com]

    As he says, we really should have two different words for the "feeling of security" and "security".
    • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

      As he says, we really should have two different words for the "feeling of security" and "security".
      I thought we called that "comfort". As in, "I'm comfortable running Linux." or "I'm uncomfortable running Windows without antivirus software."
    • As he says, we really should have two different words for the "feeling of security" and "security".

      Not a bad point, but it somewhat flies in the face of the idea that Bruce Schneier is an expert on any topic (neurophysiology, today) that remotely pertains to any definition of "security".

  • by wumpus188 (657540) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:31PM (#17923738)
    There is always Anakin to the rescue.
  • by cold fjord (826450) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:33PM (#17923754)

    Most thinking about security seems to be centered in the nullcortex.

  • 42 (Score:5, Funny)

    by ElephanTS (624421) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:33PM (#17923762)
    Which is why "Don't Panic!" is such good advice.

  • by 140Mandak262Jamuna (970587) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:34PM (#17923770) Journal
    From the article: There is a "feeling versus reality," Schneier said. "You can feel secure but not be secure. You can be secure but not feel secure. The primitive portion of the brain, called the amygdala, feels fear and incites a fear-or-flight response, he pointed out. "

    That is why the real amygdala hides in the background pretending to be a mere attendant like the pitutary gland and communicates with a prominantly placed fake-amygdala using elaborate signals and esp communication. All these scientists have been fooled into studying the fake-amygdala. So they underestimate the real security of the brain. Let someone assassinate the fake-amygdala in a spaceport in Coruscant and suddenly you will see the real amygdala emerge from the shadows and assume the role as the rightfully elected Queen of Naboo.

    • by 'nother poster (700681) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:40PM (#17923874)
      Security through obscurity never works. ;)
    • primitive portion of the brain, called the amygdala, feels fear and incites a fear-or-flight response
      This should actually be fight-or-flight response. Fear is the stimulus, the amygdala merely chooses (or rather, "strongly suggests", as the article points out) the reaction to it.
      • In terms of Hamming distance, it's actually closer to "fear-of-flight," aka aviophobia. Think about it.
    • "Shut up brain or I'll poke you again with a Q-tip!!!"

      (H. J. Simpson)
    • IMO, Schneier has two problems. The first is that he thinks he is an expert in everything, and he thinks he is always right. Now he is an expect in human psychology. The second is that for some reason people are unwilling to stand up and say when he is full of it. Some days his blog is nothing other than Bush bashing under the guise of writing about security. That being secure and feeling secure are different is not news. That even in business people make decisions based on emotions instead of underst
      • The first is that he thinks he is an expert in everything, and he thinks he is always right.

        That's not a problem if he is actually right. He's a security expert, which implies at least some competence in related areas. If someone thinks they are right, it's not a fault if they are actually right.

        The second is that for some reason people are unwilling to stand up and say when he is full of it.

        Where is he full of it? And why are people supposedly such cowards when it comes to standing up to him?

        Some days his
      • Re: (Score:3, Insightful)

        Some days his blog is nothing other than Bush bashing under the guise of writing about security.
        It's true that some of Schneier's posts are very critical of the Bush Administration's security efforts. But, of all the statements that get attacked as "Bush-bashing", I'd say those posts are among the best cases for which to invoke the defense that:

        "No, it's just that reality has an anti-Bush 'bias'."

  • repeat? (Score:3, Insightful)

    by tomstdenis (446163) <tomstdenis@NoSpAM.gmail.com> on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:38PM (#17923848) Homepage
    Didn't we have an article about this already? Oh wait, that was about the fact that he was going to speak at the con, now we have an article about the talk he just gave?

    Good lord, I want that guys press agent!

    Tom
  • Is there something like "100% Security" for anything? I doubt it.
    • by schwaang (667808) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:57PM (#17924114)
      In his essay [schneier.com] he tells a little joke about aiming for 100% security:

      I remember in the weeks after 9/11, a reporter asked me: "How can we prevent this from ever happening again?" "That's easy," I said, "simply ground all the aircraft."
      100% security has never been his aim. His aim, AFAICT, is to distinguish real security from BS, so we can evaluate the costs and tradeoffs and then make smart choices.

      More on this philosophy:

      The truth is that we're not hopelessly bad at making security trade-offs.[...]There are several specific aspects of the security trade-off that can go wrong. For example:

            1. The severity of the risk.
            2. The probability of the risk.
            3. The magnitude of the costs.
            4. How effective the countermeasure is at mitigating the risk.
            5. How well disparate risks and costs can be compared.

      The more your perception diverges with reality in any of these five aspects, the more your perceived trade-off won't match the actual trade-off.
  • Irritating. (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Elentari (1037226) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:41PM (#17923896) Journal
    It never fails to annoy me when people take snippets of theoretical psychology and redistribute them as truth. Scientists' views of which parts of the brain are responsible for which characteristics of human life change on almost a daily basis, yet phrases such as "language centre" or "mammalian brain" are constantly being used in a way that presents them as definite fact.

    It seems unnecessary to incorporate impressive-sounding terms into a speech that, quite honestly, seems to be stating the obvious. Increasing or decreasing security is a response to fear; fear is an emotion and, therefore, decisions that use it as a base will not be purely rational, but will have emotional bias, like every other human decision. You don't need vague descriptions of brain "impulses", and such, to prove that.

    • I agree completely: the problem is that the alternatives are usually worse. While the popular abuse of materialist explanations is often fraught with cliches and crude caricatures from evolutionary psychology or cognitive neuroscience, the alternative winds up being an appeal to older folk-methods of explanation, such as substance-dualistic or even religious ones (whether explicit or covert - it is startling how much of the metaphysics, epistemology and ethics of Western-educated people who think themselves
    • It never fails to annoy me when people take snippets of theoretical psychology and redistribute them as truth.

      Bruce Schneier has been doing this ever since 9/11 - parlaying his reputation (well earned) in cryptography into a career as a security pundit (without any actual credentials).
      • But the real world doesn't work that way, unless you live in Mensa-Fascist-Fantasy-World and fantasize the state killing those that don't behave with Klingon-like rationality.

        Damn those Klingons and their rationality! It's always "Logic dictates this" and "Humans are irrational and impulsive" with them. Smug jerks.

        • Damn those Klingons and their rationality! It's always "Logic dictates this" and "Humans are irrational and impulsive" with them. Smug jerks.
          I thought Klingons paraded about quoting Shakespeare. Huh.
  • by TinBromide (921574) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:44PM (#17923938)
    People care more about problems that they can't control than ones they can prevent.

    For example: Airplanes. How many people feel more secure behind the wheel of a car than on a long flight with turbulence?

    Put your hands down, now the sheer probability of getting into a car accident in one's lifetime (if one drives) is a miniscule number below one. Death statistics are somewhere around 1 in 237 of a car type accident. The odds of an airplane death are like 1 in 5051 source [nsc.org]

    However, people are freakishly nervous about planes... So, by induction (the bane of an engineer's existance) we can extrapolate (another fancy bane) that security people will ignore the dangerous mundane and fixate on the extraordinary rarity.
    • Hmmmm, I dunno. Seat belts, air-bags, Anti-lock brakes, roll-bars on convertibles. I think people care a lot about things they can control. IF...they can control them.

      Ralph Nader to the RESCUE!

    • the sheer probability of getting into a car accident in one's lifetime

      Hey Mr. Statistics: Care to use some meaningful numbers? What are the chances of dying PER HOUR of being on a plane compared to the chances PER HOUR of being in a car?

      I haven't looked it up, but I assume a two-hour flight is more likely to kill you than a two-hour road trip. That's a pretty good justification to fear the flight more than the drive.

      Not to take away from your argument, but I HATE bullshit statistics.

      • Having been on a flight just over the weekend that had some wicked turbulence all I can say was it was awesome. My wife didn't like it a whole lot, but I thought it was better than Six Flags. I swear there were times the whole plane must have just dropped 20 feet or so. It was so exciting I almost got back in line after we arrived.

        Did you fly through a thunderstorm? That's the best. There are even flashy lights going off all around you.

        The major downside is the smell of vomit that permeates the cabin. Ga
      • That doesn't say anything to me. The fact is that if you get into a car crash, there are chances that you may survive. In an airplane, thats it! End of Story! No second chances! Maybe that is the cause of the fear, don't you think? And a legitimate one at that. Given a choice would you rather be in a car crash or a plane crash, the consequnces of both aren't disclosed to you yet?

        The important measure isn't odds of death in a crash, it's odds of death per mile traveled.

        If you drive from Boston to San Diego y
  • Difficulty Factor (Score:3, Insightful)

    by Bryansix (761547) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:47PM (#17923990) Homepage
    I think that the true dichotomy of the situation that plays out in people's minds is 1) Spend the time and effort to secure this system the right way and stress out all the time 2) Be lazy and just do what will get us by and at least buy us some security even if it's security through obscurity.
  • by smellsofbikes (890263) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @01:52PM (#17924062) Journal
    Malcolm Gladwell's book "Blink" [amazon.com] talks a lot about the differences between first impression and actual, thoughtful reaction to a situation, including some interesting studies on what happens when the two conflict and how measurement of the effects of those conflicts on reaction time can tell us a lot about how the brain is processing material. There's controversy around some of his conclusions but I strongly recommend the book and everything else Gladwell has written.
    • I strongly recommend the book and everything else Gladwell has written.

      Blink has been on the verge of being added to my reading list for a long while. I've read some other stuff by Gladwell and frankly, while I found it sort of entertaining, I also thought his "logic" was spotty at best. Maybe he understands how to draw logical, supported conclusions, but he sure doesn't present it well and some of his assertions seem to be sheer nonsense. My main motivation for reading it would be to understand his argu

      • I learned a lot from both it and "the tipping point" -- the width of his coverage is amazing. The material is *very* attractive to business- and new-age-types who will leave with nothing more than the conclusions, but I think it's the background and support material that's more interesting: the primary sources. Check it out from a local library and give it a shot. I don't think you'll find the time wasted, even if you completely disagree. There's a rebuttal book out there called "Think" that might also
        • I learned a lot from both it and "the tipping point" -- the width of his coverage is amazing.

          So I read "the tipping point" and found it interesting, but upon looking a little harder I realized the research was very backwards. It looks like he started with a few premises, then looked specifically for data to support that, resulting in a wholly improper application of statistics. Gladwell even admits in later interviews that he no longer believes some of the concepts he espoused after seeing others evaluat

  • But, I wonder how much attention we would pay to a psychologist speaking on computer science. Is the only qualification to speak on anything non-technical, the ability to pick up a first year text book and leaf through it?

    As much as I respect Schenier, I would no sooner trust his assertions on psychology, than I would trust those of Dr. Phil. If he had co-written a couple of articles with someone relevant and had them published in a proper journal things would be different. But after reading the (otherwise
  • Too complicated (Score:3, Interesting)

    by Billosaur (927319) * <wgrother@optonli[ ]net ['ne.' in gap]> on Wednesday February 07 2007, @02:57PM (#17924956) Journal

    His view is far too complicated. The essence of security is: people think they are secure. They happily type their data into web sites without considering where it goes because in most cases, they have no clue what systems are in operation. Past the words "computer", "database", and "Internet (or Web)" the average person has no concept of how any of it works. Someone, their bank say, sends them a link to a website -- the first problem is, they really have no way to verify it is from their bank, other than going to their local branch and asking, which seems to be beyond anyone's capability. Now, once they've accepted that the link is "legitimate", whether it is or not, they plow ahead and begin banging on the keyboard and typing in their info. Screens come and go, they are admonished occasionally when they don't enter something right, and finally some message pops up thanking them and that's that. Whether the whole transaction was legitimate or not never enters into it.

    "Security" is a misnomer -- you are no more secure against possible data theft or manipulation on the Internet than you are physically safe crossing the street in a crosswalk. The only security you can have is in being vigilant in what you do and following up everything you do to make sure it is legitimate. Past that, you're on you own.

  • The primitive portion of the brain, called the amygdala, feels fear and incites a fear-or-flight response

    Hire River Tam [wikipedia.org] as your chief security officer.
  • by brownaroo (682715) on Wednesday February 07 2007, @06:18PM (#17927714)
    As a programmer I find (in regards to security) that fear is often overridden by laziness
    • I am not sure what the author means when he refers to the part of the brain that is related to "Consciousness". Neither am I clear on what the author means by the term "consciousness" here. Is consciousness, per the author, limited to the brain?

      The model of human consciousness, to which the author refers is one that normally maps us to three layers, each of which corresponds to an evolutionary stage. The first layer is pain/pleasure and even very small organisms with no real brains, can respond to this s