SCADA Systems a Target for Hackers?

superstick58 writes "As a system integrator, I am often providing control solutions that utilize sophisticated Ethernet networks and as they say in the biz 'link top floor to shop floor.' Forbes has an article about the security issues that exist in SCADA systems. When I look back at some of the systems I have put in which include direct I/O control over ethernet and distributed HMI monitoring, if I can get access from the internet, it would be easy to bring down power for a plant or at the very least make operators in the building very uncomfortable. How vulnerable are the manufacturing centers of the world?"

Hacking SCADA makes sense

[EmbeddedJanitor (597831)]

Being able to blow up physical devices is a lot more spectacular than playing with numbers in bank accounts which can be resotred from backups.

Re:Hacking SCADA makes sense

[Svartalf (2997)]

Forget manufacturing plants...

What if you could easily reproduce the East Coast Blackout of 2003 at will?

Hacking SCADA systems can do that for you...

Heh... What I could tell people...

Re:

[Cyberax (705495)]

Actually, a lot of them: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLE_for_process_contr ol [wikipedia.org] is a widely used protocol.

Large scale SCADA often uses the internet

[EmbeddedJanitor (597831)]

Sure, many small-scale SCADA systems (factory control, building automation etc) will have private networks. Many larger ones (power reticulation, traffic control etc) cover a huge area and will often use internet to hook up remote sensors/actuators.

Even smaller systems will often have web interfaces and mechanisms to send alerts via email etc as a way to call out supervisors/engineers/service personnel at night and allow them to fix stuff remotely without having to come in to the plant or make a flight etc.

Re:Large scale SCADA often uses the internet

[tropicdog (811766)]

I've got a little story to share, a real world, actually happened example. Just a few years ago I was working as desktop support at a manufacturing plant. Facilities maintenance decided to place a web cam on top of the building so anyone could "check the weather." This was part of some project where environmental status of different parts of the facility was available through an internal website.
Who knows why they thought this was necessary but, they did it anyway without much consultation with the IT department. [red flag #1]
They published their little website where you could check out the air conditioner status and temperature of the various parts of the building and view the webcam. To see the webcam you had to logon with a specific username/password combination which they announced to everybody via email. [red flag #2]
Curious, I checked out the site and looked around. I found that the webcam had a different URL than the rest of the site so, being curious, I shortened the URL down one level at a time and ended up at a system administration logon page. [bad sign #1]
Surely the username/password for the webcam wouldn't work there so I tried it and promptly logged onto the facility controls console. [bad sign #2]
Surely I would only have limited or read only access so I checked out some of the features and areas of the console. I was able to access everything from heating/cooling, water, lighting and the factory waste handling system controls. [very bad sign #3]
Again, surely I had read only access so I tested one of the settings for the air system in our area of the building. I incrimented the value by 1 and clicked "save". It accepted my change. I changed the value back to it's original setting and saved it again. [VERY bad sign #4]
At this point I notified my supervisor that there may be a problem and showed him what I was able to do with the username/password that everybody in the company now had. A hasty meeting was called that day with myself and the head of facility management. I told him what I had found and we had a meeting with the vendor who installed the systems the next day.
In between the meetings, I checked out some more features of the controller system and found that I could ssh into it with the same password and username. The system ran a very stripped down Linux kernel and only had a few applications but I was able to add or remove or edit files from any directory on the system. So basically, the webcam username/password was effectively root on the whole system.
The installer was a typical heating/cooling installer type of guy. [red flag #3]
Computers obviously weren't his area of expertise. I understand that the company has people who "should" know about these sort of security measures, their developers. Why they sent a mechanical type of guy when they were told what our concerns were, I don't know. [red flag #4]
The scary and probably typical reaction I got from the vendor's installer was that there wasn't much of a problem because nobody in the factory would surely think of shortening a URL and find the main systems control login. [big red flag #5]
I finally got my point across and the vendor agreed to work with their developers to figure out a more secure setup. Fortunately the facility manager fully understood the consequences and wouldn't accept the vendors attempts at suggesting that it wasn't an issue.
Most everybody would think that simply changing the password would do the trick but apparently their setup was hard coded to only accept the one username and password for the whole system! At least that's what we were told at our meeting. To access the published webcam that was tied into this mess, you had to use the same credentials, otherwise none of this little setup of theirs would work and the administrative console would loose it's ability to monitor and control the factory systems. Brilliant! Absolutely genious.
Well, at the end of it all, apparently their developers had some sort of actual CLU

Re:Large scale SCADA often uses the internet

[ZorinLynx (31751)]

Lots of things in life "should" be, but often aren't.

Such is laziness.

My view..

[The Living Fractal (162153)]

I work in Big Oil. We have SCADA systems, we have an HMI to control the facilities, and it's all ethernet based. But the network is on a completley different wire than our internet-accessible network. You can't connect to the internet from our control network -- the wire simply doesn't exist.

And it shouldn't. They should stay separate. Period.

Re:My view..

[Doppler00 (534739)]

Are you absolutely sure? Doesn't the SCADA system connect to the internal corporate network somewhere? Don't managers want to see live plant operation data from their offices? At least the SCADA systems I've worked with have had a connection to the corporate network at some point. Usually through a dedicated SCADA system. I think in the end though, hackers don't want to actually have to buy the hardware they would need to test their methods out and if your corporate network has already been compromised, you're screwed anyway.

SCADA systems often connected to corporate network

[GringoGoiano (176551)]

See the article http://www.computerwire.com/industries/research/? p id=9681B83E-A348-42A5-9DA5-BEF13EE1A835 [computerwire.com] -- they maintain SCADA systems that may originally have been on a separate physical network have slowly bled connectivity to corporate networks and are now open to those who compromise those networks.

They also describe a Hewlett-Packard/SenSage software package to monitor in real time and also archive network events on SCADA networks -- allowing for real time alerts of ongoing crimes, or at least an ar

Re:

[QuantumG (50515)]

Cool. How do you get data from the SCADA system to the back office? Say, to import into Excel and do some performance analysis or something?

Removable media and sneaker net?

I bet I could make a virus that could hop that.

Re:

[by Anonymous Coward]

I worked in Big Oil & PetroChem for 20+ years and confirm.

You'd have to have physical access to the control network and physical security is tighter than ever, at least here on the Gulf coast.

Re:

[JonathanR (852748)]

In addition to that, the means of getting access the corporate intranet (talking Big Oil here) usually require two factor authentication (a RSA token type setup).

Unless there are unpatched vulnerabilities in the login system or vpn gateway, I'd reckon the chance of joe-cracker getting in that far are pretty slim.

That said, a disenfranchised employee with login credentials would be a possible risk.

Re:

[GIL_Dude (850471)]

I'm also in Oil and accounts are disabled about when an employee leaves from their final day (or is escorted out if fired). Also, most of these people don't have remote access ability on their accounts. The systems run firewalls, the SCADA networks are either air-gap from the main corp nets or if they are not as critical they are firewalled so that only certain machines can get there from here. Not to say they can't be cracked, but there are a hell of a lot of softer targets to go after.

Re:

[klenwell (960296)]

That said, a disenfranchised employee with login credentials would be a possible risk.

Just be sure to confiscate their eyeballs before they leave the company.

Re:My view..

[by Anonymous Coward]

Wow. Must be nice to have all your equipment on one site, or spread out along a pipeline that you own.

Some SCADA systems control diverse infrastructure scattered across areas bigger than any US state. As far as comms go, it's PSTN or nothing for places like that. Hard to keep your network scrupulously separated when you have to dial in to the remote sites!

Re:

[bl8n8r (649187)]

If your HMI wire is connected to a layer 1 device that is connected to a wire connected to the internet, you are at risk.

Re:My view..

[gsogeek (1146905)]

I worked as an intern for a municipal government IT department a while back, and had to do a site visit to a water filtration/pumping station. While I was there, I wandered down to one of the areas where the machines were that ran the pumps, valves, and other sundry devices. I found the workstation where two computers had been installed, one on the network to allow employees access to email, the intranet, and the internet. Beside it was another computer, which controlled the SCADA system for the plant and had root access to the entire city's water and sewer SCADA system. The plant manager assured me that they were totally seperate, and never the two should mix. Well, imagine my shock and surprise when I walked past the desk and tripped over a bright yellow patch cable that ran from the second (standby) network card into a small hub, that also fed the public terminal and then went to the internet port on the wall. I made a few notes, checked a few log files, then went and told the manager that the hub had to go and went back to the main IT office and reported. The answer I got? "So what? What could someone do with that?" As a demonstration, I took my noted, typed a few commands, and put a few nice words on top of the Wunderware logo on the terminal, then told the plant manager, who was still saying this was impossible, to check the screen. Turns out, an employee in the plant decided it was too much trouble to go between the computers, took the hub from a conference room upstairs, and made the connection. I wonder what might have happened if I opened that Cl2 valve or maybe closed a high pressure sewage line at the treatment facility? The weakest link in these systems is not the SCADA systems themselves, so to speak, but the people that use them daily, and managers that don't bother to look at the equipment on a regular basis, just to make sure it still looks like that nice drawing in the office.

Re:

[gnalre (323830)]

Nice idea in theory, but there's always a push to allow such systems to be accessed remotely for example performance monitoring. By saying never you are ignoring commercial imperatives. It is better by acknowledging it will happen and put in the infrastructure and practices which will make it as safe as possible.

For example we deal with ship control systems, which you may think are about as isolated as you can get. But there is a big push to allow remote access for such things as predictive maintenance, per

Re:

[Short Circuit (52384)]

1. Start->Connections
   
2. Right-click "Local Area Connection"
3. Click "Bridge connections" ...

Of course, you'd have to be any of clueless, foolish, or malicious to do that...

Re:

[AJWM (19027)]

The VPN client I use to get into work will immediately break the connection if you try that.

It also drops it if you try to PPTP tunnel through it. (Heck, sometimes it annoyingly drops for no particular reason at all, especially if I'm doing wireless with a less than 100% signal).

To get to the VLAN which lets me connect to the RILOs (through which I can remotely power off servers, among other things), I VPN to the corporate network, ssh to a dedicated security server, ssh from there to another server whic

Re:My view..

[Kadin2048 (468275)]

Well, unless it's some proprietary VPN protocol, you could just use a different client program that wasn't as strict about not letting you do things like bridge it. As long as you have the key, there's not a whole lot to stop you.

But I think what the GP was getting at was the risk of somebody having a workstation in the plant, somewhere, that's connected to both networks. If you have two NICs, and have the process-control network plugged into one, and the regular internet-accessible LAN plugged into the other, it's trivial to "accidentally" bridge them together.

Alternately, they could both just get plugged into one router or switch, and suddenly there's a path between them. A lot of weird things could happen if the two networks run alongside each other and there's not constant vigilance to keep people from doing something stupid.

In my office, we have separate subnets for different work areas. It works pretty well in terms of minimizing broadcast traffic and keeping people from accidentally printing to printers at the other end of the office, etc. But every few months they'll end up getting accidentally bridged by someone in a conference room plugging a wire from each subnet (they have separate jacks in the conference rooms, so that people can access their own area's stuff) into a switch. There's not really any malice involved -- people just see an Ethernet cable running from the wall towards a switch and notice it's unplugged, and they have a tendency to just jam it right in there.

Re:

[Garabito (720521)]

Normally you would have a control network (which includes control devices and HMI workstations) phisically isolated from the rest of your corporate LAN or intranet. If you have a process which is distributed over a wide area, you ideally will have dedicated links; if that is not possible, you would use VPNs to link the control networks using the untrusted corporate network.

Then you have the problem of management wanting to view in real time your process data. The scheme to protect your process will depend o

NT4 On The Plant Floor

[nuxx (10153)]

I know of many, many plant floor locations at some very large manufacturing facilities that still run NT4 on various devices. MS will release patches for these too, but only under quite special contracts.

It's kinda scary, really.

Re:

[Doppler00 (534739)]

I've worked on a system like that before. The thing is, after you build a $2 million dollar facility and it's been running smooth for 10 years, you are reluctant to spend any more money to upgrade the control system just because Microsoft says it won't support you anymore. Most industrial I/O hardware can function for 10 to 20 years before it ever needs to be replaced. Heck, I would say indefinitely for the most part since most industrial systems have passive cooling mechanisms. I have rarely seen I/O logic

Re:NT4 On The Plant Floor

[Doppler00 (534739)]

Naw, it would be the same problem. Just imagine being stuck on a Linux distribution 10 years old. Who's going to support you there? You'll be immediately told to upgrade to the latest and greatest fix your problems, but then your software may not function anymore. What's worse, is that I am not aware of any popular open source programs for industrial control systems.

Re:

[Nimey (114278)]

The source is open, so you can hire a programmer to maintain the software. Not necessarily so with commercial s/w, especially if the vendor doesn't want to support your version any longer.

Re:NT4 On The Plant Floor

[masdog (794316)]

But depending on the size of the facility, a programmer might not be cost effective. Your average IT guy might not have the skill-set to right Linux kernal patches, and even if you're a small facility in a large corporation, you might not have the same software running your SCADA system as any other plant.

Re:NT4 On The Plant Floor

[Cassini2 (956052)]

NT4 was a nice operating system for SCADA applications. It was built in a time where Microsoft cared about security. One of NT4's design goals was Military security ratings. I liked the feature where you could tell the system to only run 9 different preset executables. It made it really tough to crack (until ActiveX and Internet Explorer came out.)

Re:

[MadMidnightBomber (894759)]

Who modded this insightful? NT achieved C2 certification (discretionary access control). The military - I very much hope - are using at least B1-rated (mandatory access control) systems where it matters. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computer_Syst em_Evaluation_Criteria [wikipedia.org] (TCSEC, used to be orange book).

Pretty old news

[jofny (540291)]

Yes, SCADA systems are vulnerable to attack. Yes, they use old technology and rely on obscurity to keep them safe. Yes, theyre - to a large extent - hooked up in various fashions to the internet. Yes, you can cause big machines to do bad things this way that cause them to screw themselves up physically or hurt people nearby. The more interesting question here is why no one has seen (or at least admitted to have seen) an actual attack.

Re:

[doug_hastings (864738)]

Yes, Frontline did a show about this a few years back. [pbs.org]

Re:Pretty old news

[Doppler00 (534739)]

Well, lets say you are able to hack in. Would a bad guy know what to do with all those buttons and knobs without actually seeing the outcome from behind his computer screen? They would also need to retrieve a copy of the plant process diagram somehow, study it, and come up with a devious scheme to make the robots do something catastrophic. And a good safety system would have so many redundant independent interlocks, both physical and electronic, that it would be difficult to do any irreparable harm.

Re:

[jofny (540291)]

Thats not particularly more challenging than any other network attack. Yes, you have to have some basic idea of how the system works to break in...whatever the system is. But doing damage can consist of something as simple as causing rotors to repeatedly and rapidly change directions till the system overheats and catches fire (yes, Ive seen video of this being done intentionally)

Security through obscurity

[mangu (126918)]

Let's say someone is able to hack in. Sending random data will only cause a redundant system to take over because it assumes a failure has happened.

In order to cause any damage, a cracker would need expertise in fields from IRIG-B time codes [irigb.com] to Buchholz relays [indubras.com.br]. If you know that much, you'll get so many million$$$ working legally that you won't bother to do any cracking.

Re:Pretty old news

[putaro (235078)]

I don't know about that. Yes, taking control of the network and making things do what you want would require a lot of knowledge. Lots of hackers just like to "mess around" though and doing something that they think is l33t, like running a Quake server on a nuclear power plant network, could cause a lot of problems. These kinds of systems are not usually designed with a lot of redundancy at the software level. The people who build those kind of things just don't understand how to manage those kinds of things in software.

Case in point. Long ago I worked for a supercomputer manufacturer. Our system had a nifty temperature sensing and power control system that was all controlled from a small front end system, a 286 running Microport Unix. We could also do things like boot the system from that console and dial in to do remote diagnostics. I was working with a customer and he needed a patch so I started uploading it to main system via the modem link and a pass-through from the console into the main system (must have been Kermit). Things are moving along and then the main system crashes. For some reason it's overheating. OK, that's weird, we reboot and I start the upload again. System crashes again. About the third time we start putting two and two together and I go off and do some sleuthing around to figure out why that might cause a problem.

Well, it turns out that the hardware guys have the whole temperature and power control system running over an RS-232 line. Using a protocol that they designed that has no checksums, no framing, no resynchronization. And, a 286 running Microport is just not fast enough to handle two 9600 baud streams of data simultaneously and it starts dropping characters. Drop a few characters out of this unframed, unchecksummed data stream and it starts getting fan speed values (or whatever) mixed up with its temperature values and the control software thinks that the machines is melting down and turns it off - fast.

Our hardware guys were not stupid. They just weren't familiar with communications protocols, didn't bother to consult with the folks on the software side who were, and it had always worked in the lab and the field. I'm quite certain there are any number of pieces of software and hardware running around out there that would be very vulnerable to an unexpected change in the environment and the cascading effects would be incalculable.

Even if you do have safety protocols and interlocks in place, just shutting things down has costs. If you shut down a nuclear power plant, how much does it cost to bring it back on line? If you shut down a factory floor, how much does it cost you to not be producing, how much product will be spoiled and how much clean up will you have to do?

The risks are non-trivial and people believe that there networks are secure when in reality, someone probably installed a wireless access point somewhere or has a router bridging things (so that managers can look at "view only" data as one poster mentioned above) that just opens everything up.

Re:

[FooAtWFU (699187)]

That wasn't a "hack" of existing SCADA systems; no one exploited weaknesses in a software system to gain unauthorized access and cause bad things to happen. They just gave the Soviet spies defective-by-design software to steal, the Soviets ran it, and things went... defective.

A neat special case of social engineering, sure, but not "hacking".

Amazing

[dbcad7 (771464)]

A "system integrator" working on his "sophisticated systems".. I was truly impressed until the lame a$$ question.

I'll answer though ... Just hide away until after Armageddon is over, I'll find you.. don't worry... really, just wait til I say it's safe to come out.

SCADA Systems are designed to be Failsafe

[Cassini2 (956052)]

Generally, SCADA systems are not trusted. All systems have failsafe hardwired I/O that is designed to shutdown on failure. Unfortunately, the shutdowns can cost money.

I just got through getting a cell working after an extensive blast of repetitive downtime. I never did work out what exactly caused the failure, however high on my list of suspects is a router that may have been dropping packets due to excessive network load. When the router shutdown, the PLCs shutdown too. I'm just not clear on what caused all the excessive error packets on the network ... I have lots of theories, but no evidence.

These SCADA networks are designed to be operated in a fairly secure environment. They can't withstand errors or high network load. Botnet attacks, virus outbreaks, or someone hacking in can cause trouble. However, mostly I worry about much more mundane causes of downtime.

Microsoft Windows updates, particularly XP SP2, are notorious causes of SCADA system problems. Automatic installation of anti-virus software that triggers system reboots causes system to shutdown unexpectedly. Employees installing CPU-intensive screen-savers also cause headaches. Unexpected system changes result in unexpected system shutdowns. These unexpected shutdowns are what cause the economic disruptions.

Personally, I wonder how much longer we can deploy Microsoft Windows as a SCADA platform. Fast, simple and straightforward are key system goals for SCADA applications. Vista, which effectively requires networking, is a step in the wrong direction. Linux is much more secure, and can easily be set up with read-only partitions. Read-only memory seems to make the systems much more stable, as every reboot always reloads a secure, known-correct program image.

I call bullshit -- Die Hard 4 is FICTION!!!

[mangu (126918)]

I have worked with SCADA systems for the last 28 years, since I left college with an EE degree.

I have worked in two industries: electric power (both hydro and nuclear) and communication satellites.

Technologies are similar to those used in consumer systems for a purely practical reason, there's cheap hardware available. But the safeguards built into any industrial system are totally unbelievable for anyone used to consumer systems, and possibly also for people in banking or other businesses.

I once counted the redundancy levels in a transformer protection system. There were 63 (yes, sixty three) different levels of protection for a humble transformer costing a mere $5 million. Imagine the protection around a $5 billion power plant.

Possible in theory, but in real life it's more likely that you would be able to drop a helicopter by ramping a car up a toll booth.

Re:

[QuantumG (50515)]

Says you. The great thing about these kinds of arguments is that *no-one* is qualified to say whether or not it is possible, because no-one tests this stuff. And, if anything, that was the message of the film.

Testing

[mangu (126918)]

no-one tests this stuff

Funny, I've been testing this stuff for the last 28 years. Well, perhaps I'm a no-one. Anyhow, since no one has been able to get into any of my systems yet, the score is still 1x0

Re:

[QuantumG (50515)]

Riiight. You secure national infrastructure do you?

Re:

[mangu (126918)]

You secure national infrastructure do you?

Yes, I do. Just this week I signed a revision of an NDA (Non Disclosure Agreement) requested by the US Department of State to conform with a new interpretation of the ITAR (International Trade in Arms Regulation). Any other questions?

Re:

[QuantumG (50515)]

Seeing as you've opted to make yourself pseudo-anonymous, I can't confirm anything you're saying.

How about Martrix?

[jsse (254124)]

I once counted the redundancy levels in a transformer protection system. There were 63 (yes, sixty three) different levels of protection for a humble transformer costing a mere $5 million. Imagine the protection around a $5 billion power plant.

I saw Tiffany drove a bike into the security station, blew up everything in her path then bought down the entire power-grid by with a single ssh nuke. She did it all in less than 5 minutes.

63 levels of protection doesn't give me more assurance sorry.

But since your mentioned the plant hires Transformers for protection or something, I do believe these alien robots could stand some chance.

Air-Gap

[Detritus (11846)]

They're safe as long as they are isolated from public networks. The problem is that there is a huge temptation to use the Internet to enable remote monitoring and control, as it is much cheaper and simpler than extending a private network and installing dedicated workstations at remote locations. Many managers will ignore security concerns when they see an opportunity for large cost savings.

Well I build them...

[by Anonymous Coward]

and at some point they're all connected to an outside connection.
Every customer my company has has a main site and a backup site. With redundancy in the main site as well (hot and standby servers, sans, etc). But most have remote clients that can connect to view data (corporate users) however maybe only 1 in 50 are actually tied in to the corporate domain. they're usually separate systems.

As far as the industry I've seen this in, oil & gas, as well as the water and waste water systems for a lot of medium size cities in north america. They also have a slew of international customers as well and the designs are pretty universal. How easy is it to break in and damage stuff? The software and protocols are all proprietary, and in fact most of the packets show up as "malformed" in wireshark. My guess is to really do damage they'd have to either be intimately familiar with the product (i.e. an ex-employee) or they'd have to find a way to take down the main site and backup site completely at once. These are always in geographically different locations.

But of course!

[WheelDweller (108946)]

SCADA systems, until recently, weren't build with security in mind; kinda like running everyting 'root' because you have a decent firewall. I used to program them; imagine blowing open a 3', 500psi natural gas pipeline?

SO MUCH MORE fun than hanging up an airport for hours, now isn't it?

Though, I'm not sure how far they'd really get...all these devices are different...kinda like Linux boxes. What works on a Vax with a communications network to controllers will be different from site to site...and they'd need to get the nomenclature from the inside. It would still be non-trivial, and the 'testing' to learn the system might tip off the Feds.

It's like the first time someone mentioned blowing up buses/trains; if there are people involved and a spectacular media coverage, it's a target. (Shouldn't be a big surprise, actually)

Script Kiddies + SCADA...

[CompMD (522020)]

im in ur power plant retractin ur control rods

This has been done for years

[billsf (34378)]

The right way: As simple as will get the job done. Its been used on the space shuttle since the beginning. When you hear the three computers agree, this is three 1802, a 1MHz 8-banger that was approved for this 30 years ago. The other "certified perfect" piece of hardware is the i486. Sure a few more may have been added, but nothing 'hi-tech'.

What kind of line speed does it take to say, control the dijkes. This is not the place to say _exactly_ how its done, but I'm not afraid of a break. Trains are the other extreme, you need a real computer. The embedded boxes that take the measurements are simple in design, a PIC or 1802, a world favourite in payphones.

Going on the net can't be all that bad, but as one writer noted, thoughtlessly designed systems lock out the rightful user. Of course, never run ssh on port 22 and if life is on the line, a telephone backup must be used. "Fuzzing" is over rated, sure it crashes poorly designed systems, but well designed systems would have to be flooded quite fast to prevent a 'distress signal'. (Upstream the networks are well monitored.) I will always remember the first security lesson from a German professor: Rule No.1 NO Microsoft products!

My biggest fear is the possibility (actually quite easy) of spoofing an IP of a rightful owner. These addresses must either be secrets or rotated often, preferably both. Still a dedicated network, where management can only look and then pick up the phone is almost mandatory if human life is at stake. True fast hopping radio can be most secure, stealth and 'unjamable'. Fibre is secure too.

It is rather remarkable with this publicly known for years and even popular music (figure out that yourself) telling how to do it, it hasn't been a problem. Broadcast and cable is totally vulnerable, though breaches rarely occur. It is rather commonplace to control a TV sender through a DTMF telephone: Would you know what to do if you got in? In a real war, things could go from bad to worse. Social engineering would be a primary tool. (Could anything be easier to social engineer than the military?) Loose lips do bad things. Its all about logic to do it right. Its scary to see sysadmins use Windows for stupid reasons like: "It works best on my laptop". Then don't use it for anything else!

It is so often when doing a security audit, you hear: "I let my kids play games and surf the web". On company computers that do important things. Damn. Don't use Windows and keep your computer to yourself.

BillSF